READING
TRIK JITU MENGERJAKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 DAN PEMBAHASANNYA
PASSAGE ONE
The causes of schizophrenia are not clear,but schizophrenia has long attributed to faulty parenting.In cases where schizophrenia developed,the parents were often considered responsible and were faulted for having been uncaring,or manipulative,or emotionally abusive.However,recent studies are now pointing to heredity and prenatal environmental factors as the chief culprits in this disease.
Recent studies of identical twins have been used to demonstrate that heredity plays a role in the development of schizophrenia.These studies have shown that in cases where one identical twin is afflicted with schizophrenia,the other twin has a 50 percent probability of also suffering from it.
However,heredity is not believed to be the only culprit.Studies of the fingerprints of identical twins have lent credence to the theory that prenatal environmental factors are likely contributors to the development of schizophrenia.In studies of pairs of identical twins in which one is afflicted with schizophrenia and one is not,abnormalities were found in the fingerprints of one-third of the twins,always in the afflicted twin.Since fingers develop in the second trimester of pregnancy,the hypothesis has been proposed that the abnormalities in the fingerprints were due to a second-trimester trauma that affected only one of the twins and that this same trauma was a factor in the onset of achizophrenia.
1.The author's purpose in this passage is to
a.enumerate examples
b.cause the development of schizophrenia
c.prove that faulty parenting is main cause of schizophrenia
d.refute a common misconception
2.Where in the passage does the author discuss the traditionally held view about the cause of schizophrenia?
a.Lines 1-3
b.Lines 3-5
c.Lines 6-7
d.Lines 9-11
3.Where in the passage does the author present the idea that people may inherit the tendency for schizophrenia?
a.Lines 2-3
b.Lines 6-7
c.Lines 11-13
d.Lines 13-16
4.Where in the passage does the author give the fraction of twins under study with irregular fingerprints?
a.Lines 3-5
b.Lines 7-8
c.Lines 9-11
d.Lines 11-13
5.This passage would probably be assigned reading in which of the following courses?
a.Criminology
b.Public Administration
c.Statistics
d.Psychology
PASSAGE TWO
To Americans,The Pony Express was a fixture of the Old West;most Americans are rather surprised to find out that in reality the Pony Express was in existence for only a short period of time,about a year and a half.This forefather of "express"mail service operated between St.Joseph,Missouri,and Sacramento,California,a distance of just under 2000 limes;letters and small packages could be delivered in under 10 days instead of the 3 to 4 weeks that it had taken prior to the institution of the Pony Express.
In 1860,St.Joseph was the westernmost terminal of the country's railroad system;mail destined for the West Coast come to St.Joe by train,but the only way to get it farther west was on horseback.The Pony Express service was established on April 3,1860,to fill this need:a letter carried on horseback with only minimal downtime for changes in horses and riders could cover 200 miles in one twenty-four hour period.
The Pony Express system consisted of approximately 80 riders,400 horses,and 190 stations every 10 to 15 miles along the route.One rider took a mail pouch and carried it for 75 miles,changing his tired horse for a fresh one at every station;he then passed the pouch to another rider.Riders traveled day and night,and the mail never stopped.
On October 24,1861,only a year and a half after the start of the Pony Express,the first transcontinental telegraph opened for business,ending the need for the Pony Express.The Pony Express officially closed for business on October 26,1861;obviously its owner were quick to recognize that the need for their services had just been basically wiped out.
6.In which course would this passage most likely be assigned reading?
a.Veterinary Medicine
b.Speech Communication
c.Audiology
d.American History
7.Where in the passage does the author mention the amount of time it took to deliver a letter before the Pny Express?
a.Lines 1-3
b.Lines 3-6
c.Lines 9-11
d.Lines 12-13
8.Where inthe passage does the author discuss why the Pony Express was discontinued?
a.The first paragraph
b.The second paragraph
c.The third paragraph
d.The fourth paragraph
9.What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
a.To warn of the dire effects of ending the Pony Express
b.To describe a little-known reality about a historical subject
c.To incite readers to action on behalf of the Pony Express
d.To describle the development of express mail service
PASSAGE THREE
The grand jury is an important part of the American legal system.The grand jury is composed of private citizens who are appointed to serve for a designated period of time.Grand juries,which hold meetings in private,serve one of two functions:charging or investigatory.A grand jury that is serving a charging function listens to evidence presented by the prosecutor and decides whether or not the prosecution has adequate evidence to charge a suspect with a crime;if the grand jury feels that there is adequate evidence,then it issues an indictment,and the suspect must then proceed with a trial.A grand jury that is serving an investigatory function investigates cases of suspected dishonesty,often by public officials.
The primary reason for the existence of the grand jury is that it is supposed to ensure that citizens are not subject to unfair prosecution;under the grand jury system,prosectors must first convince an unbiased group of citizens that there is justification for the charges that they want to bring.However,the grand jury system has come under attack from numerous directions.Grand juries are routinely criticized for being too slow and too costly;the grand jury system really means that there are two trials,the grand jury hearing to decide whether or not there should be a trial and then the actual trial itself.Another criticism of the grand jury results from the fact that the meetings are held in private;the grand jury is not open to public scrutiny and is therefore not publicly responsible for its actions,and this has cast doubt on some of its findings.A final common criticism of the grand jury is that the evidence it hears is one-sided,from the perspective of the prosecution,so that the grand jury serves as the right arm of the prosecution rather than as a defender of the rights of a suspect.
10.In which course might this passage be assigned reading?
a.Sociology of Criminal Behavior
b.I ntroduction to law
c.American History
d.Research Methodologies
11.Where in the passage does the author mention who serves on a grand jury?
a.Lines 1-2
b.Lines 6-8
c.Lines 9-11
d.Lines 15-17
12.Where in the passage does the author discuss the problem associated with holding grand jury meetings in private?
a.Lines 3-4
b.Lines 6-8
c.Lines 12-15
d.Lines 15-17
13.How does the author seem to feel about the grand jury system?
a.Quite assured as to its usefulness
b.Somewhat doubtful about its effectiveness
c.Highly supportive of its use
d.Extremely negative about all aspects
READING
TRIK JITU MENGERJAKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 DAN PEMBAHASANNYA
PASSAGE ONE
Another noteworthy trend in twentieth-century music in the U.S.was the use of folk and popular music as a base for more serious compositions.The motivation for these borrowings from traditional music might be a desire on the part of a composer to return to simpler forms,to enhance patriotic feelings,or to establish an immediate rapport with an audience.For whatever reason,composers such as Charles Ives and Aaron Copland effered compositions featuring novel musical forms flavored with refrains from traditional Americana.Ives employed the whole gamut of patriotic songs,hymns,jazz and popular songs in his compositions,while Copland drew upon folk music,particularly as sources for the music he wrote for the ballets Billy the Kid,Radeo, and Appalachian.
1.The paragraph predicing this passage most probably discusses
a.nineteenth-century music
b.one development in music in the twentieth century
c.the works of Aaron Copland
d.the history of folk and popular music
2.Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?
a.Traditional music flavored some American musical compositions in the last century.
b.Ives and Cpland used folk and popular music in their compositions.
c.A variety of explanations exist as to why a composer mifht use traditional sources of music.
d.Traditional music is composed of various types of folk and popular music.
3.It can be inferred from this passage that the author is not sure
a.when Ives wrote his compositions
b.that Ives and Copland actually borrowed from traditional music
c.why certain composers borrowed
d.if Copland really reatured new musical forms
4.Which of the following is not listed in the passage as a source for Ives's compositions?
a.National music
b.Religious music
c.Jazz
d.American novels
5.Where in the passage does the author list examples of tittle of Copland's works?
a.Lines 1-2
b.Lines 2-4
c.Lines 4-6
d.Lines 6-9
6.The passage world most probably be assigned reading in which of the following courses?
a.American History
b.The History of Jazz
c.American Music
d.Composition
PASSAGE TWO
Therattlesnake has a reputation as a dangerous and deadly snake with a fierce hatred for humanity.Although the rattlesnake is indeed a venomous snake capable of killing a human,its nature has perhaps been somewhat exaggerated in myth and folklore.
The rattlesnake is not inherently aggressive and generally strikes only when it has been put on the defensive.In its defensive posture the rattlesnake raises the front part of its body off the ground and assumes an S-shaped form in preparation for a lunge forward.At the end of a forward thrust,the rattlesnake pushes its fangs into the victim,thereby injecting its venom.
There are more than 30 species of rattlesnakes,varying in length from 20 inches to 6 feet and also varying in toxicity of venom.In the United States there are only a few deaths annually from rattlesnakes,with a mortality rate of less than 2 percent of those attacked.
7.Which of the following would be the best tittle for this passage?
a.The Exaggerated Reputation of the Rattlesnake
b.The Dangerous and Deadly Rattlesnake
c.The Venomous Killer of Humans
d.Myth and Folklore about Killers
8.According to the passage,which of the following is true about rattlessnakes?
a.They are always ready to attack.
b.They are always dangerous and deadly
c.Their fierce nature has been underplayed in myth and folklore
d.Their poison can kill people.
9.The word"posture"in line 5 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a.Mood
b.Fight
c.Position
d.Strike
10.When a rattlesnake is ready to defend itself,it
a.lies in an S-shape on the ground
b.lunges with the back part of its body
c.is partially off the ground
d.asssumes it is prepared by thrusting its fangs into the ground
11.It can be inferred from the passage that
a.all rattlesnake bites are fatal
b.all rattlesnake bites are not equally harmful
c.the few deaths from rattlesnake bites are from six-foot snakes
d.deaths from rattlesnake bites have been steadily increasing
12.The word"mortality"in line 10 is closest in meaning to
a.percentage
b.illness
c.death
d.survival
13.The author's purpose in this passage is to
a.warn readers about the extreme danger from rattlesnakes
b.explain a rattlesnake attack
c.describe a rattlesnakes attack
d.clarify how rattlesnakes kill humans
TRIK JITU MENGERJAKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 DAN PEMBAHASANNYA
PASSAGE THREE
For a century before the Erie Canal was built,there was much discussion among the general population of the Northeast as to the need for connecting the waterways of the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean.A project of such monumental proportions was not going to be undertaken and completed without a supreme amount of effort.
The man who was instrumental in accomplishing the feat that was the Eric Canal was DeWitt Clinton.As early as 1812,he was in the nation's capital petitioning the federal goverment for financial assistance on the project,emphasizing what a boon to the economy of the country the canal would be;his efforts with the federal government,however,were not successful.
In 1816,Clinton asked the New York State Legislature for the funding for the canal,and this time he did succeed.A canal commision was instituted,and Clinton himself was made head of it.One year later,Clinton was elected governor of the state,and soon after,construction of the canal was started.
The canal took eight years to complete,and Clinton was on the first barge to travel the length of the canal,the Seneca Chief,which departed from Buffalo on October 26,1825,and arrived in New York City on November 4.Because of the success of the Erie Canal,numerous other canals were built in other parts of the country.
14.The information in the passage
a.gives a cause followed by an effect
b.is in chronological order
c.lists opposing viewpoints of a problem
d.is organized spatially
15.When did Clinton ask the U.S.government for funds for the canal?
a.One hundred years before the canal was built
b.In 1812
c.In 1816
d.In 1825
16.The word"boon"in line 7 is closest in meaning to which ofthe following?
a.Detriment
b.Disadvantage
c.Benefit
d.Cost
17.The pronoun"it"in line 10 refers to which of the following?
a.The New York State Legislature
b.The canal
c.The commission
d.The state governor
18.In what year did the actual building of the canal get underway?
a.In 1812
b.In 1816
c.In 1817
d.In 1825
19.The Seneca Chief was
a.the name of the canal
b.the name of a boat
c.Clinton's nickname
d.the nickname
d.the nickname of Buffalo
20.Where in the passage does the author mention a committee that worked to develop the canal?
a.The first paragraph
b.The second paragraph
c.The third paragraph
d.The fourth paragraph
21.The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
a.the century before the building of the Erie Canal
b.canals in different U.S.locations
c.the effect of the Eric Canal on the Buffalo area
d.Clinton career as governnor of New York
PASSAGE FOUR
The Celtic languages are a group of languages of northern Europe that are descendents of the Indo-European family of languages.These languages developed from the languages of the Celts,a warlike civilization originating in the eastern part of central Europe,in the northern Alps,and along the Danube during the Bronze Age,The Celts reached the height of their civilization during the Iron Age,the last five centuries B.C.and then fanned out from their original homeland into many parts of continental Europe and across the channel and into the British Isles.Celtic origin can be found today all over thr British Isles and France,in northern Spain and Italy,and in Switzerland and parts of Germany.
Rather than one language,the Celtic languages consist of two distinct clusters:the Gaelic group and the Brythonic group.These two clusters of languages most likely developed from dialects of the same language,the language of the Celts in there original homeland.These two dialects were most likely mutually intelligible to some degree as late as the fourth century.The Gaelic group of Celtic languages consists of Irish,Scottish,and Manx,the language of the Isle of Man.The Brythonic group of Celtic languages includes Welsh,Cornish,Breton,and Gaulish,the language of Gaul prior to the days of the Roman Empire,with its Latin-speaking population.
Many,though not all,of the Certic languages are either extinct or are in the process of becoming extinct.Gaulish apparently disappeared around 600 A.D.Cornish and Manx both actually became extinct,the former in the nineteenth century and the latter just a few decades ago,but both are being revived and are now taught in a few schools each.Scottish,Irish,and and Breton are all declining in use.There are under a hundred thousand speakers of Scottish Gaelic,mostly on the northern Hebridiean Islands;there are more than a hundred thousand speakers of Irish,mainly in the western countries of Ireland;there are about a half million speakers who use Breton on a daily basis.In all these situations,though,the rate of transmission to new generations is low,and this does not bode well for the survival of these languages.Of all the Celtic languages,perhaps only Welsh has a strong hold on the future.
22.The author's purpose in the passage is to
a.describe the past and present of a related set of languages
b.list the major characteristics of Celtic languages
c.outline the major achievements of the Celts
d.explain how languages manage to survive without changing
23.According to the passage,the Celtic languages did NOT
a.develop from the Indo-European language family
b.originate in the Brithish Isles
c.exist before the time of the Roman Empire
d.provide any Italian place names
24.The passage states that the Celts were
a.peaceful farmers
b.unheard of during the Bronze Age
c.at their peak during the Iron Age
d.at the height of their civilization 1.500 years ago
25.The expression"fanned out"in line 5 could best be replaced by
a.spread out
b.called off
c.got lost
d.turned out
26.The Brythonic group of languages does NOT include
a.Welsh
b.Cornish
c.Manx
d.Breton
27.It is implied in the passage tht Gaulish
a.first surfaced after the Roman Empire
b.has been revived in the last century
c.is declining in use
d.was replaced by Latin
28.The main idea of the third paragraph is that
a.all Celtic languages are extinct
b.a few Celtic languages disappeared
c.some Celtic languages are flourishing
d.most Celtic languages are either dead or dying
29.It is NOT true according to the passage that both Cornish and Manx
a.were once considered extinct
b.become extict in the same century
c.are being resusciteted
d.may be taught in some academic institutions
30.According to the passage,the percentage of young people learning Scottish,Irish,and Breton is
a.nonexistent
b.not high
c.increasing
d.quite robust
31.This passage would most likely be assigned reading in a course on
a.archeology
b.European literature
c.historical linguistics
d.Bronze Age civilizations
32.Where in the passage does the author explain when the two clusters of Celtic languages were still understood by members of each group of speakers?
a.Lines 2-4
b.Lines 6-7
c.Lines 10-11
d.Lines 12-13
33.The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses
a.how Welsh is surviving
b.efforts to classify Celtic languages
c.languages that preceded Celtic languages in Europe
d.the causes of language extinction
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soal soal toefl dan pembahasannya 2