TRIK JITU MENGERJAKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 ,WRITTEN EXPRESSION DAN PEMBAHASANNYA

             Though Edmund Halley was most famous because  of his achievements as an astronomer,he was a scientist of diverse interests and great skill.In addition to studying the skies,Halley was also deeply interested in exploring the unknown  depths of the oceans.One of his lesser-known accomplishments that was quite remarkable was his design for a diving bell that facilitated exploration of the watery depths.               The diving bell that Halley designed had a major advantage over the diving bells that were in use prior to his.Earlier diving bells could only make use of the air contained within the bell itself,so divers had to surface when the air inside the bell ran low.Halley's bell was an improvement in that its design allowed for an additional supply of fresh air that enabled a crew of divers to remain underwater for several hours.               The diving contraption that Halley designed was in the shape of a bell that measured three feet across the top and five feet

            The human brain,with an average weight of 1,4 kilograms,is the control center of the body.It receives information from the senses,processes the information,and rapidly sends out responses,it also stores the information that is the source of human thoughts and feeling.Each of the three main parts of the brain-the cerebrum,the cerebellum,and the brain stem-has its own role in carrying out these functions.               The cerebrum is by far the largest of the three parts,taking up 85 percent of the brain by weight.The outside layer of the cerebrum,the cerebral cortex,is a grooved and bumpy surface covering the nerve cells beneath.The various sections of the cerebrum are the sensory cortex,which is responsible for receiving and decoding sensory messages from throughout the body;the motor cortex,which sends action instructions to the skeletal muscles;and the association cortex,which receives,monitors,and processes information.It is in the association cortex that the processe

             In the America colonies there was little money.England did not supply the colonies with coins and it did not allow the colonies to make their own coins,except for the Massachusetts Bay Colony,which received permission for a short period in 1652 to make several kinds of silver coins..England wanted to keep money out of America as a means of controlling trade:America was forced to trade only with England if it did not have the money to buy products from other countries.The result during this prerevolutionary period was that the colonists used various goods in place of money:beaver pelts,Indian wampum,and tobacco leaves were all commonly used substitutes for money.The colonists also made use of any foreign coins they could obtain.Dutch,Spanish,French,and English coins were all in use in the American colonies.               During the Revolutionary War,funds were needed to finance the war,so each of the individual states and the Continental Congress issued paper money.So much

             A rather surprising geographical feature of America is that a huge freshwater lake,one of the world's largest and deepest,lies hidden there under four kilometers of rice.Now known as Lake Vostok,this huge body of water is located under the ice block that comprises Antarctica.The lake is able to exist in its unfrozen state beneath this block of ice because its waters are warmed by geothermal heat from the earth's core.The thick glacier above Lake Vostok actually insulates it from the frigid temperatures(the lowest ever recorded on Earth)on the surface.               The lake was first discovered in the 1970s while a research team was conducting an aerial survey of the area.Radio waves from the survey equipment penetrated the ice and revealed a body of indeterminate size.It was not until much more recently that data collected by satellite made scientists aware of the tremendous size of the lake;the satellite-borne radar detected an extremely flat region where the ic

             It is often the case with folktales that they develop from actual happenings but in their development lose much of their factual base;the story of Pocahontas quite possibly fits into this category of folktale.This princess of the Powhatan tribe was firmly established in the lore of early America and hass been made even more famous by the Disney film based on the the folktale that arose from her lifeShe was a real-life person,but the actual story of her life most probably differed considerably from the folktale and the movie based on the folktale.               Powhatan,the chief of a confederacy of tribes in Virginia,had several daughters,none of whom was actually named Pocahontas.The nickname means"playful one,"and several of the Powhatan's daughters were called Pocahontas.The daughter of Pawhatan who became the subject of the folktale was named Matoaka.What has been verivied about Matoaka,or Pocahontas as she has come to be known,is that she did marry an E

             Madison Square Garden,a world-famous sporting venue in New York City,has actually been a series of buildings in varied locations rather than a single building in one spot.In 1873,P.T. Barnum built Barnum's Monster Classical and Geological Hippodrome at the corner of Madison Avenue and 26th Street,across from Madison Square Park.Two years later,bandleader Patrick Gilmore bought the property,added statues and fountains,and renamed it Gilmore's Gardens.When Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the property in 1879,it was renamed Madison Square Garden.               A second very lavish Madison Square Garden was built at the same loation in 1890,with a ballroom,a restaurant,a theather,a rooftop garden,and a main area with seating for 15,000.However,this elaborate Madison Square Garden lasted only until 1924,when it was torn down to make way for a forty-story skyscraper.               When the second Madison Square Garden had been replaced in its location across from Madison Sq

             Carbon dating can be used to estimate the age of any organic natural material;it has been used successfully in archeology to determine the age of ancient artifacts or fossils as well as in a variety of other fields.the principle underlying the use of carbon dating is that carbon is a part of all living things on Eath.Since a radioactive substance such as carbon -14 has a known half life,the amount of carbon-14 remaining in an object can be used to date that object.               Carcon-14 has a half-life of 5,570 years,which means that after that number of years half of the carbon-14 atoms have decayed into nitrogen-14.It is the ratio of carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 in that substance that indicates the age of the substance.If,for example,in a particular sample the amount of carbon-14 is roughly equivalent to the amount of nitrogen-14 ,this indicates that around  half of the carbon-14 has decayed into  nitrogen-14,and the sample  is approximately 5,570 years old.              

             Mount Rushmore is a well-known monument in the Black Hills of South Dakota that features the countenances of four United States presidents: Washington,Jefferson,Roosevelt,and Lincoln.What is not so well known is that the process of creating this national treasure was not exactly an uneventful one. Mount Rushmore was the project of the visionary sculptor John Gutzen de la Mothe Borglum,who was born in Idaho but studied sculpture in Paris in his youth and befriended the famous French sculptor Auguste Rodin.In 1927 Borglum was granted a commission by the federal government to create the sculptore on Mount Rushmore.Though he was nearly sixty years old when he started,he was undaunted by the enormity of the project and the obstacles that it engendered.He optimistically asserted that the project would be completed within five years,not caring to recognize the potential government bureaucracy,and with Mother Nature herself.An example of what Mother Nature had to throw at the pr