TRIK JITU MENGERJAKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 ,WRITTEN EXPRESSION DAN PEMBAHASANNYA

             Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials.It can be colored or colorless,monochrome or polychrome,transparent,transclucent,or opaque.It is lightweight impermeable to liquids,readily cleaned and reused,durable yet fragile,and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional.In all its myriad forms-as table were,containers,in architecture and design-glass represnts a major achievement in the history of technologycal developments.          Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C.,glass lias been used for making various kinds of objects.It was frst made from a mixture of silica,line and an alkali such as soda or potash,ad these remained the basic ingredients of glass  of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.When heated,the mixture becomes soft and malleable and cn be formed by various technques into  a vast array of shapes and sizes.The homogeneous mass thus formed

         Although social changes in the United States were being wrought throughout most of the nineteenth-century,public awareness of the changes increased to new levels in the 1890's.The acute,growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century,including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and  newspapers.These developments,in addition to the continued growth of cities,were significant factors in the transformation of society from on characterized by relatively isolated self-contained communities into an urban,industrial nation.The decade of the 1870's,for example,was a period in which the sheer number of newspapers doubled,and by 1990 the New York Graphic had published the first photographic reproduction in  a newspaper,portending a dramatic rise in newspaper readership.Between 1882 and 1886 alone,the price of daily newspapers dropped from

        The nervous system  of vertebrates is characterized by a hollow,dorsal nerve cord that ends in the head region as an enlargement,the brain.Even in its most primitive form this cord and its attached verves are the result of evolutionary specialization,abd their further evolution from lower to higher vertebrate classes is a process that is far from fully understood.Nevertheless,the basic arrangements are similar in all vertebrates,and the study of lower animals.Moreover,for any species,the study of the embryological development of the nervous system is indispensable for an understanding of adult morphology.          In any vertebrate two chief parts of the nervous system may be distinguished.These are the central nervous system(the nerve cord mentions above),consisting of the brain and spinal cord,and the peripheral nervous system,consisting of the cranial,spinal,and peripheral nerves,together with their motor and sensory endings,The term"automatic nervous system"refer

         Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration,from town and farm to city,within the United States.The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century,with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities.The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840,increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1940,A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900.Of these,26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people.Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States,but the combination of new immigrants and old American'settlers"on America's"urban frontier"in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.     

         The spectacular aurora light displays that appear in Earth's atmosphere around the north and south magnetic poles were once mysterius phenomena.Now,scientists have data from satellites and ground-based observations from which we know that the aurora brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in an neon sign.          To understand the cause of auroras,first picture the Earth enclosed by its magnetosphere,a huge region created by the Earth's magnetic field.Outside the magnetosphere,blasting toward the earth is the solar winds,a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic filed.Charged particles in this solar wind speed earthward along the solar wind's magnetic lines of force with a spiraling motion.The Earth's magnetosphere is a barrier to the solar winds,and forces the charged particles of the solar wind to flow around the magnetosphare itself.But in the polar regions,the magnetic lines of force of the Earth and of

         Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is disseminated,by altering political campaigns,and by changing citizen's patterns of response to politics.By giving citizens independent access to the candidates,televisio diminished the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates.By centering politics on the person of the candidate,television accelerated the citizen's focus on character rather than issue.          Television has altered the forms of political communication as well.The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were.The stump speech,a political speech given by traveling politicans and lasting 3/2 to 2 hours,which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse,has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second"sound bite"in broadcast news.Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politican but r

        The term "Hudson River school"was applied to the foremost representatives of nineteenth-century Nort American landscape painting.Apparently unknown during the golden days of the American landscape movement,which began around 1850 and lasted until the late 1860's,the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of the struggle between the old and the generations of artists,each to assert its own style as the representative American art.The older painters,most of whom were born before 1835,practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fortered by the reigning American art organization,the National Academiy of design.          The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figural subject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique;their prospects for patronage in their own country were uncertain,and they sought to attract i

         Esperanto is what is called a planned,or artificial,language.It was created more than a century ago by Polish eye doctor Lucdwik Lazar Zamenhof.Zamenhof believed that a common language would help to alleviate some of the misunderstandings among cultures.         In Zamenhof's first attempt at a universal language,he tried to create a language that was as uncomplicated as possible.This first language included words such as ab,ac,ba,eb,be ,and ce .This did not result in a workable language in that these monosyllabic worlds,though short,were not easy to understand or to retain.         Next,Zamenhof tried a different way of constructing a simplified the grammar tremendously.One example of how he simplified the language can be seen in the suffixes;all nouns in this language end in o, as in the noun amico,which means"friend,'and all adjectives end in -a ,as in the adjective bela, which means"pretty."Another example of the simplied language can be seen in t

         A binary star is actually a pair of stars that are held together by the force of gravity.Although occasionally the individual stars that compose a binary star can be distinguised,they generally appear as one star.The gravitational pull between the individual stars of a binary star causes one to orbit around the other.From the orbital pattern of a binary,the mass,and the srength of the gravitational force of one star on another determines the orbital pattern of the binary.          Secientist have discovered stars that seem to orbit around an empty space.It has been suggested that such a star and the empty space really composed a binary star.The empty space is known as a "black hole,"a star with such strong gravitational force that no light is able to get through.Although the existence of black holes has not been proven,the theory of their existence has been around for about two centuries ,since the French mathematician Pierre Simon de Laplace first proposed the con

           Paul Bunyan is perhaps America's best-known folk hero.A fictional logger of incredible strength,he was most likely based on an actual nineteenth-century logger from the northern United States or Canada.As a folk hero,he struck a chord with Americans on same level,perhaps because he was incredibly strong but also because he was hard-working and capable,ingenious in solving problems,and fun-loving.          Though there isevidence that Paul Bunyan tales were part of oral tradition in the nineteenth century,Paul Bunyan stories did not appear inwritten form until the early twentieth century.Journalist James McGillivray included descriptions of Bunyan in a series of essays entitled "The Round River Drive,"which appeared in a number of Midwestern newspapers between 1906 and 1910.However,it was through an extensive advertising campaign that Paul Bunyan moved solidly into print.          Recognizig the appeal of Paul Bunyan as a figure for his company's advertisin