PASSAGE ONE
Conflict within an organization is not always viewed as undesirable.In fact,various managers have widely divergent ideas on the value that conflict can have.
According to the traditional view of conflict ,conflict is harmful to an organization .Managers with this traditional view of conflict see it as their role in an organization to rid the organization of any possible sources of conflict.
The interactionist view of conflict ,on the other hand,holds that conflict can serve an important function in an organization by reducing complacency among workers and causing positive changes occur .Managers who hold an interactionist view of conflict may actually take steps to stimulate conflict within the organization.
1.How is the information in the passage organized?
a.The origin of ideas about conflict is presented.
b.Contrasting views of conflict are presented.
c.Two theorists discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their views on conflict.
d.Examples of conflict within organizations are presented.
2.What type of information is included in the third paragraph?
a.A comparison of the interactionist and traditional views of conflict.
b.A discussion of the weaknesses of the interactionist view of conflict
c.An outline of the type of manager who prefers the interactionist view of conflict
d.A description of one of the opposing views of conflict
PASSAGE TWO
IQ,or Intelligence Quotient,is defined as the radio of a person's mental age to chronological age,with the ratio multipled by 100 to remove the decimal.Chronological age is easily determined;mental age is generally measured by some kind of standard test and is not so simple to define.
In theory,a standardized IQ test is set up to measure an individual's ability to perform intellectual operations such as reasoning and problem solving .These intellectual operations are considered to represent intellegence.
In practice,it has been impossible to arrive at consensus as to which types of intellectual operations demonstrate intellegence.Furthermore,it has been impossible to devise a test without cultural bias,which is to say that any IQ tests so far proposed have been shown to reflect the culture of the test makers.Test takers from that culture would,it follows,score higher on suc9h a test than test takers from a different culture with equal intellegence.
3.What type of information is included in the first paragraph?
a.An argument
b.A definition
c.An opinion
d.A theory
4.How does the information in the third paragraph differ from that in the second paragraph?
a.It presents a contrasting point of view.
b.It follows chronologically from the ideas in the second paragraph.
c.It presents real information rather than a premise.
d.It presents an example of the ideas in the second paragraph.
PASSAGE THREE
The largest lake in the western United States is the Great Salt Lake,an inland salwater lake in northwestern Utah,just outside the state capital of Salt Lake City.Rivers and streams feed into the Great Salt Lake but none drain out of it;this has a major influence on both the salt content and the size of the lake.
Although the Great Salt Lake is fed by freshwater streams ,it is actually saltier than the oceans of the world.The salt comes from the more than two million tons of minerals that flow into the lake each year f9ers and creeks that feed it.Sodium and chloride-the components of salt -comprise the large majority of the of the lake's mineral content.
The Great Salt Lake can vary tremendously from its normal size of 1,700 square miles,depending on long-term weather conditions.During periods of heavy rains,the size of the lake can swell tremendously from the huge amounts of water flowing into the lake from its feeder rivers and streams;in 1980 the lake even reached a size of 2,400 square miles.During periods of dry weather,the size of the lake decreases,sometimes drastically;due to evaporation.
5.How is the information in the passage organized?
a.Two unusual characteristics of the Great Salt Lake are discussed.
b.Contrasting theories about the Great Salt Lake's salt levels are presented.
c.The process by which the Great Salt Lake gets its salt is outlined.
d.The reasons for the variations in the Great Salt Lake's aize are given.
6.The third paragraph contains information on
a.how the size of the lake affects weather conditions
b.the effect of contrasting weather conditions on the size of the lake
c.the effects of changes in the size of the lake
d.the causes of the varied weather conditions in the area of the lake
READING
PASSAGE ONE
Common types of calendars can be based on the Sun or on the Moon.The solar calendar is based on the solar year.Since the solar year is 365.2422 days long,solar calendars consist of regular years of 360 days and have an extra day every fourth year,or leap year,to make up for the additional fractional amount.In a solar calendar,the waxing and waning of the moon can take place at various stages of each month.
The lunar calendar is synchronized to the lunar month rather than the solar year.Since the lunar month is twenty-nine and a half days long,most lunar calendars have alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days.A twenty month lunar year thus has 354 days,11 days shorter than a solar year.
1.What is the main idea of the passage?
a.All calendars are the same.
b.The solar calendar is based on the Sun
c.Different calendars have dissimilar bases.
d.The lunar month is twenty -nine and a half days long
2.How is the information in the passage organized?
a.Characteristics of the solar calendar are outlined
b.Two types of calendars are described
c.The strengths and weakness of the lunar calender are described
d.The length of each existing calendar is contrasted
PASSAGE TWO
Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide immunity to specific diseases,The various types of vaccines are classified according to the method by which they are derived.
The most basic class of vacines actually contains disease-causing microorganisms that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde.In this type of vaccine,the microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease;however,the antigens found in and on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies.Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza,typhoid fever,and cholera.
A second type of vaccine containts the toxins produced by the microorganisms rather than the microorganism themselves. This type of vaccine is prepared when the microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within the microorganism is extremely harmful .For example ,the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm,but when toxins are released from the bacteria,muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
A final type of vaccine contains living microrganisms that have been rendered harmless.With this type of vaccine,a large number of antigen molecules are produced and immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines.The Sabin oral antipolio vaccine and the BCG vaccine against tubercolosis examples of this type of vaccine.
3.Which of the following expresses the main idea of passage?
a.Vaccines provide immunity to specific diseases.
b.Vaccines contain disease-causing microrganisms.
c.Vaccines are derived in different ways.
d.New apprroaches in administering vaccines are being developed.
4.How many types of vaccines are presented in the passage?
a.Two
b.Three
c.Four
d.Five
PASSAGE THREE
A hoax.unlike an honest error,is a deliberately concocted plan to present an untruth as the truth.It can take the form of a froud,a fake,a swindle,or a forgery,and can be accomplished in almost any field:succesful hoaxes have been foisted on the public in field as varied as politics, religion,sciennce,art,and literature.
A famous scientific hoax occurred in 1912 when Charles Dawson claimed to have uncovered a human skull and jawbone on the Piltdown Common in Southern England.These Human remains were said to be more than 500.000 years old and were unlike any other remains from that period:as such they represented an important discovery in the study of human evolution.These remains,popularly known as the Piltdown Man and scientifically named Eoanthropus dawsoni after their discoverer,confounded scientists for more than forty years.Finally in 1953,a chemical analysis was used to date the bones,and it was found that the bones were modern bones that had been skillfully aged.A further twist to the hoax was that the skull belonged to a human and the jaws to an orangutan.
5.The topic of this passage could best be described as
a.the Piltdown Man
b.Charles Dawson's discovery
c.Eoathropus dawsoni
d.a definition and an example of hoax
6.The author's main point is that
a.various types of hoaxes have been perpetrated
b.Charles Dawson discovered a human skull and an example of a hoax
c.Charles Dawson was not an honest
d.the human skull and jawbone were extremely old
7.The second paragraph includes
a.an illustration to support the ideas in the first paragraph
b.a counterargument to the ideas in the first paragraph
c.an analogy to the ideas in the forst paragraph
d.a detailed definition of hoax
REFERENCE:
LONGMAN PREPARATION COURSE FOR THE TOEFL TEST
.png)
.png "TRIK JITU MENGERJKAN SOAL TOEFL 2 DAN PEMBAHASANNYA")
.png)
.png)
.png)
Comments
Post a Comment
soal soal toefl dan pembahasannya 2